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Walling
Walling - an important stage of building their home. Since they determine not only the appearance of the building, but also the nature of exploitation. The walls must comply with thermal insulation, fireproofing, sound insulation, and be strong and durable.
The material of which make the walls may be different - it depends on the taste of the owner and the means by which it decided to invest in construction. You can use wood, brick, natural stone, blocks and panels made of concrete with the addition of slag, expanded clay, sawdust. Keep in mind that the house should organically fit into the surrounding buildings.
Frame walls fairly economical, long retain heat, have good sound insulation, and do not shrink. They are durable and retain their characteristics during the 40 - 50 years. The most frequently used for the construction of small cottages.
Brick walls are highly durable and fire resistant, so they can build near stoves and fireplaces. Also in the designs can be constructed stacks and ducts. Due to the heat capacity of such walls, they remain cool in summer and warm in winter. They do not destroy any insects or rot.
However, please note that one shortcoming of the brick is that it absorbs moisture very well. Therefore, the seasonal operation of the first week in a house built from this material, rather damp, because of the autumn brick absorbs moisture, and need time to it dry. This also explains the partial destruction of the wall after about 25 years, since it is known that the liquid, freezing, expanding.
To provide the necessary insulation, brick walls must be sufficiently thick. Therefore, this material is appropriate to apply only during the construction of large houses with an area of more than 200 m2, which are designed to operate throughout the year.
The walls of lightweight concrete are durable, fireproof, not rot and pests. Concrete blocks have relatively small size and ease of processing allows to build a wall of complex configuration. The material has a high heat capacity, and hence provides coolness in summer and warm in winter.
Good physical and mechanical, thermal and operational characteristics are the hallmarks of the walls of the blocks. They are the technology of construction is quite simple. During the construction of buildings can be used as building blocks of slag concrete, glinobetona, composite materials and homemade.
Find out about the price of building the walls here.
Brick walls
Types of brick
To build the walls, you can use an ordinary solid brick or clay, red (burnt) brick bulk density 1700-1900 kg/m3 and cheaper silicate or white bulk density 1800-2000 kg/m3.
The weight of one brick 3,2-4 kg, size 250x120x65 mm. The thickness of the solid wall is always a multiple of half the width of brick and built in 1 / 2, 1, 1 1 / 2, 2, 2 1 / 2 brick, etc. That is, taking the vertical joints of 1 cm, the walls have a thickness of 12, 25 , 38, 51, 64 cm or more. Selecting this option depends on the climatic zone, which will be the future home. For example, when winter air temperature of -30 ° C outside walls must be not less than 64 cm, ie 2 1 / 2 brick.
The industry produces several types of bricks.
Ordinary solid brick - red, hardy, with a porosity of 6-20%. From this characteristic depends on the strength of adhesion to the mortar, the wall heat and absorption of moisture. The surface of an ordinary brick is usually rough, so he built a wall to plaster. It is used for walls, columns, arches.
Hollow brick can be pale red, dark red, brown or yellow. It is made with cross-cutting and non-through circular, slit, oval or square cavities. Since the diameter of the cross voids not exceeding 16 mm and the width of the gap - 12 mm, the solution is practically fills the hole. Therefore, masonry has low thermal conductivity. When dry pressing brick of this type is manufactured with blind cavities, otherwise it is called "pyatistennym. Laying down the holes produced. For plastic extrusion bricks are cross-cutting cavities.
Hollow brick used in the construction of exterior walls with high thermal insulation. It is also used to reduce the thickness of the wall. Due to the presence of voids, reduced consumption of raw materials for production of bricks, transportation costs, increased frost walls, with less pressure on the foundation.
Brick, tile can be of different colors - from light yellow to dark red depending on the raw materials. It is hardy and long is not destroyed by moisture. On the surface of certain types of bricks made ornaments, it can be used for decorative purposes for outer wall ovens and fireplaces. Aesthetic effect can be achieved by using the profile facing bricks.
Facing brick is suitable for almost all types of outdoor activities. However, its cost is higher than, for example, conventional full-body. But if we consider that the walls of common brick to stucco, the difference in price is almost there.
Silicate brick has not too high frost resistance, as strongly absorbs moisture and does not provide sufficient thermal insulation, because of its density. Built from the walls are too heavy and require a solid foundation. Therefore, silicate bricks are rarely used in construction.
Ceramic clinker modular brick is white, gray, light gray, red. It has heat and frost, almost does not absorb moisture. Its smooth walls from the end remind tiles. In size it is larger than the tile, which can reduce costs and material, and time. The most commonly used for cladding exterior walls.
Glazed brick has a diverse range of colors. It belongs to the coating materials and is used mainly for interior and exterior of the original finish. When manufacturing such bricks clay mass is mixed with various chemical solutions, which form during the firing color hyaline layer, is also characterized by high frost resistance.
Glazed brick has the same properties as ceramic and clinker, with the exception of its fragility. It is sometimes used to create a mural and mosaic on the facade and inside the house.
Brick figured produce different shapes and colors. It is usually used for exterior decoration at home.
To conserve materials, masonry recommended for hollow brick or solid brick, but with the formation of voids, pits, use of heaters, warm fluids.
Selecting the thickness of the walls
With solid masonry construction cost brick construction with external or internal insulation. The thickness of the outer wall in this case depends only on the requirements of strength. It can be equal to 25 cm in any climate. Thermal protection is provided by the thickness and quality of insulation. If the insulated layer is inside, you will need to prevent the formation of condensation with vapor barrier. If the layer is insulated from the outside, it must protect the screen or plaster.
Internal load bearing walls are often erected a full-clay or silica brick. Their thickness is not less than 25 cm section of posts - at least 38x38 cm, the wall - no less than 25x51 cm at high load bearing columns and piers are reinforced wire mesh wire diameter 3 - 6 mm in three to five rows in height.
Partitions spread 12 cm thick, that is polkirpicha, and 6.5 cm, ie bricks "on edge". With a length of walls more than 1,5 m, shared "on edge", they also need to reinforce wire through 2-3 rows in height.
The walls, built of brick, have a large thermal inertia, that is, that they are warmed or cooled should be enough time. The thicker wall and more of its mass, the longer the last of these processes. Consequently, the temperature inside the room practically unchanged during the day. This is one of the important advantages of brick walls. However, the large thermal inertia of the walls is not always favorable. For example, in the cold season when seasonal maintenance in the cottage and garden homes rather damp. The frozen walls require high heat and sudden temperature drops in the room lead to the fact that condensation inside the house. Therefore, the walls of such houses should sheathing boards.
For facing facade is best to use facing ceramic bricks, but you can also use thicker brick with stone or concrete voids.
When erecting walls of brick usually use cement and sand, cement, lime or cement-clay mortar. The cement-sand mortar is usually very strong and tough, so it must be added the dough from the lime or clay. Then it becomes plastic, will become even convenient, as cement consumption will be reduced by 1,5-2 times. To make the lime paste, you need to pay water lime in the form of separate pieces (kipelka) or powder (pushonka) in tvorilnoy well, and leave the mixture for a long time - not less than 2 weeks. To make the clay dough, you need to soak the pieces of clay in water and leave for 3-5 days until full soaking. Then add water, stir and strain, to settle, and then drain. The dough is made of clay can be stored for long enough. Solution for brickwork should be prepared before beginning work and use it in the next 2 hours.
Ligation of the sutures
On ligation of sutures depends stability and durability of the wall. The most durable type of masonry - English ligation. Is an alternation bonder and Stretcher bond series, ie height of all walls brick fall on the cross-cross. The English Garden ligation - alternating one bonder with three rows of Stretcher bond. And with Flemish in one row alternate and Stretcher bond, and the header brick.
The structure distinguish solid and lighter types of clutches. Among the first to distinguish single and multiple systems with many rows. In the process of tying-row, otherwise it is called a chain, alternate bonder series, that is, when a brick laid across the wall, and Stretcher bond - bricks placed along the wall.
More widely distributed two-, three-, six-row system dressings offset vertical joints or without them. That is, each subsequent bonder series fits the second, third, sixth after Stretcher bond, respectively.
The strength of masonry with ligation of vertical joints in each row or a 3-6 series is almost identical. It can be increased if pave hoop with a mesh width of 6-12 cm from the wire diameter 3-6 mm.
Greater use of ways to have a lightweight masonry.
Kolodtsevaya clutch is the most common and economical design for the outer wall. Her erect walls of two different widths in polkirpicha located at a distance of 14 - 34 cm from each other. They are interconnected by vertical and horizontal bridges thickness of a quarter brick, every 65 - 120 cm along the length of the wall and every 3 - 5 rows in height. Formed wells can be filled with warm water or light concrete, as well as light-liners who might act stones, gravel, sand and expanded clay. Laying insulation must be compacted layers of thickness 11 - 15 cm should also be watered Sediment material solution every 100 - 500 mm in height. Such a clutch prevents the external environment on the heater, and this increases the strength of the wall.
There is also a lightweight masonry with horizontal diaphragms. It is cheaper than others, so as reduce the consumption of bricks. However, this method can only be used in the construction of one-or two-storey houses.
It consists of two parallel walls of a thickness of 1 / 2 bricks, which are connected in every 5 Stretcher bond bonder horizontal rows of rods or valve, 6 mm thick, which are placed every 50 cm length of the wall. And their ends bent at right angles, should be placed in the masonry at a depth of 8-10 cm
Then the space between the walls to sleep warm concrete layer 15 cm, each of which carefully tamped. Last equalize at masonry.
To reinforcement bars are not rusty in places backfill, where they fit, with a trowel make furrows deep and wide, 3-4 cm Their grout, preferably cement, zameshennym in the proportions of 1:4 or 1:5. Rods have to hide it completely or to half its thickness. After the launching of the next row to the valve is put a layer of solution of the same thickness. Then make 4 more rows asleep filler or grout, put rods and continue to do masonry. After every two rows of emptiness is filled with warm concrete using lightweight aggregates. Tychkov series also strongly associated with concrete.
Often the individual masonry construction are used with three-row diaphragms. It is almost similar to the masonry with horizontal diaphragm, except that her diaphragm is composed of three bonder series with ligation of the sutures.
Brick-concrete masonry anchor is mainly used for the construction of three-, four-storey houses.
It consists of two parallel walls, in the space between the lightweight concrete is placed. Header brick stand inside the masonry. They are, as a kind of anchor, connect the concrete and brick in a design. Unvoiced parts of the walls linked by 2-3 m continuous vertical diaphragm thickness of 1 / 2 brick.
It should be noted that consumption of brick, mortar and other materials in the construction of 1 m2 of wall masonry lightweight way to significantly less than in solid.
Frame walls
Framework design
Positioning carrying rack frame is better at a distance of 50 cm from each other, thereby increasing the carrying capacity of the walls, which makes it possible to use for the inner and outer shell of molded or sheet material. Location beams basement and attic floors at the same distance possible to combine the axis of bearing elements of construction. This provides a more balanced distribution of load on the skeleton. In this case, the cross section of the upper and lower studs may be minimal, that is calculated only on the transfer of horizontal forces. In addition, a distance of 50 cm between the beams basement floor is best, as meets the technical requirements when laying floors of the standard battens 28 mm.
Frame exterior and interior walls are made of planks 5 cm thick, they are also used and the device beams and rafters. Supports shall have a cross section of not less than 50 cm2, ie, when the thickness of boards 5 cm the minimum width shall be not less than 10 cm thick outer wall depends on the padded layer of insulation, which is determined by climatic and environmental conditions. The rack frame is set on the waist, which relies on blocks of the basement floor, or on the base itself on a layer of waterproofing. The upper harness fastened to the top of racks.
Concrete walls
Slag concrete
The most common use for the construction of monolithic lightweight concrete. For the production of blocks using a variety of fillers: slag, concrete block, brick fight, sawdust reeds and other binder material may be cement, lime, clay, plaster of Paris. Depending on the type of filler distinguish certain types of blocks.
The most common slag concrete. Most are strong blocks of fuel and slag with the addition of sand - 10-20%. Other impurities: earth, clay, ash, unburned coal and debris - the raw material must not be present. In order to make the slag was less unburned clay particles and harmful salts, its a year keep in heaps in the open air. Thus it is necessary to ensure drainage of rain and flood waters.
Slag concrete has a particle size distribution, ie, it in some way relate to the large (5-40 mm) and small (0,2 - 5 mm) particles of slag aggregate. If the slag is large, then the concrete is a lightweight but fragile, and if small - relatively dense and thermal conductivity. When erecting exterior walls of the slag concrete to comply with the ratio of small and large slag from 3:7 to 4:6. Domestic carriers are doing with the great addition of small slag, since for them the most important strength. Lump slag, the size of which more than 10 mm in the slag concrete did not add.
The specified material for the production - with the addition of lime, cement or clay, which are necessary in order to increase the plasticity of slag concrete.
In the manufacture of slag concrete, the largest particle pre-moistened. Then add lime or clay dough, water and cement. All are thoroughly mixed. The resulting mixture should be used for 1,5-2 hours.
Monolithic wall of slag concrete formwork erected in resettable height of 40-60 cm, tilted plank thickness of 4 cm
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