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The roof
Roof - is a solid part of the building relating to the structure, located above and protects the interior from the penetration of rainfall.
The roof must be strong and stable, have hydro and thermal insulating properties. While building to take account of fire regulations. In addition, the roof - a house decoration, it can completely change its appearance - to give it a modern or ancient style, make it visually higher and the air or on the contrary, reliable and sustainable.
Classification by mode of building
There are two types of roofs: attic and combined. Attic roof - this is such a design, which consists of an outer roof and building trusses, which support it. On the beam is usually placed crates or flooring. The slope of the roof may be different, it depends on two conditions: the material used for roofs, and natural climate zone in which to build a house. With a large number of precipitation sloping roof makes an angle of 45 ° or more, and if the prevailing dry weather and strong winds, the tilt must not exceed 30 °. When a piece of roofing material used, the angle can not do less than 22 °. For optimum roll materials is the angle from 5 to 25 °, and for asbestos-cement sheets and tiles - 25-35 ° and more. With the increase in the slope of the roof rising costs of materials and total cost.
Combined roof - this is a special flooring, which serves as waterproofing, placed on the attic ceiling and almost no deviation. The material for it is several layers of roofing felt, mastic asphalt missed. The liquid is discharged from it by internal drainage.
Classification by the level of insulation
Roofs are warm and cold. The presence in the construction of the attic defines them as warm as his device provides thermal insulation, due to air space formed by the roof, exterior walls and ceiling of the upper floors. It protects the building from the cold, provides aeration and moisture exchange of various design elements. Also, its structure significantly increases reliability and service life of the house, but the total construction cost increases, because the attic is not included in the number of dwellings.
In this case, you can organize the attic, which is a living room, located directly under the roof and its walls are the sides of the roof. The distance from the crown to the floor attic space should be not less than 1.5 m. Thus, all the internal space is used for housing.
Cold roof without a loft building, usually above the unheated buildings, barns and other outbuildings. Their functions include only direct protection from rain.
Classification of the form
Roofs are lean, gable roof, broken hip, hipped and Phillips. Scat - a roof plane, located under the slope. Intersect, they create a ridge of the roof. The angle formed by the roof and gable called valleys.
Shed - a roof having a sloping surface. They rely on two walls of different heights. The slope, as a rule, pay to the windward side to protect the house from rain and snow. They are inexpensive and economical, because the device of their supporting structure is very simple. In addition, the shed roof allows maximum use of interior space construction. Typically, these roofs are used in garages, barns and sheds, but sometimes they are found in the cottages.
Gable roof - a classic choice for small cottages. The roof is formed by two rays, directed in opposite directions. Face the wall are obtained by triangular, they are called tongs and gables. They are inexpensive and convenient, their slopes do not usually very steep.
The angle and size of the overhang may be the same throughout the length of the roof, or vary depending on need. For example, the increased overhang on one side of the house allows you to protect from the rain the path forged by the wall. This requires a design with a drooping trusses.
Broken roof built in the construction of houses with a loft. They are not two, but four of slope, connected at an obtuse angle. This type of roof is often used in individual housing.
Hip - a hip roof with triangular sides with skates on. Sometimes the hip does not reach the ledge - then it is called poluvalmovoy, they need to protect the pediment. Usually they do skylights. Building a gambrel roof is difficult, and the cost is quite high, but it is much better withstand wind loads.
Tent - a roof with four slopes in the form of identical triangles converging at one point. Such a device has been distributed in the Russian stone architecture since the XVI century. Tents made of wood or bricks covered with religious buildings and porches of houses. Brick roofs consist of an inclined or horizontal rows of bricks and wood - logs and stacking reduces the length of the parties.
Phillips roof is quite rare because of its high cost and complexity. Her suit over the houses of complex planning, as well as for side lighting lofts, or education gables over the entrance.
Bearing roof structure
Types of load-bearing structures
The main elements that make up the roof - this wooden beams (rafters) or prefabricated trusses, which are load-bearing structures. They consist of upper and lower zone and located between the bars of the bevel and strut. Other components of the roof are the roof base, hydro and thermal insulation and the roof.
Rafter - a load-bearing structures in the attic. Wood, from which they are made, must pass a strict selection, it should not be a wormhole, knots or cracks.
To log wall ends of rafters are fastened by special braces, and the stone - with a metal perch, which is driven into the fourth row of masonry. Branching off two loops of twisted wire, which are fixed beams. Another difference between the buildings of stone - the ends of the rafters should be based on a strong board, which distributes the load on the wall. His have the entire length of the building. Where the envisaged output of the stack from the oven, arrange fire gap - between all elements of design leaves the slit width not less than 13 cm
The basis for the shape of the roof is building a farm. In various roofs have their peculiarities, but most of the support construct a triangle - the most durable design of the smallest number of elements. Sides of the triangle formed two rafters. They got the name - the upper flange. The lower belt creates delays. The upper ends of the legs are rigidly connected to skating runs. The lower part of the rafters and delays are fixed on the external walls. This design is very fragile and can withstand only a light roof. For greater reliability farm supplement supplementary props - braces, struts, contractions.
The design of the roof - the main elements and the base of the roof
The main elements of roof construction
The roof is the uppermost part of the roof. By its choice should be handled with great responsibility, because it protects all of the design house of negative environmental influences, impedes the penetration of rainfall and provides the necessary level of heat indoors.
When choosing roofing materials, above all, to be based on the specifics of the project roof, which, in turn, must be agreed with the layout of the house. If this condition is not taken into account, further problems may arise, for example, leaking roofs, lack of materials or lack an architectural plan.
Also important to properly locate channels for rain water. Drainage system consists of two main parts: the external and internal.
- Internal drainage
Tubes are placed inside the building and remote from the exterior walls. Roofing, valleys and razzhelobki in this case have a tendency towards water intake funnel, which should be evenly spaced not less than 50 mm from the parapets, and other protruding parts of the building.
- External drainage
Drains are located outside the building. Their system of organization is quite simple: the outer wall of the gutter is attached, by which water is sent to the gutter.
Incorrect established channel for water drainage can cause damage to elements of the facade, the destruction of the cap, as well as premature wear of the foundation because of excessively high hydrostatic pressure. When installing external drainage should be borne in mind that winter is freezing the cornice and joint rays, as well as getting wet walling. To resolve this problem, take the following steps: a well-insulated roof and install the system, protecting against icing.
All roofing work begins with the picking, sorting and cleaning materials. Cutting is then made of rolled materials and cooking pastes. After that prepared the ground under the roof construction. And, finally, put roofing materials and carry out the necessary actions to poslemontazhnogo care.
Roofing
Silicate Materials
Silicate roofing materials - it is asbestos cement sheets, clay and cement-sand tiles.
Asbestos-cement sheets are made of ordinary and colored cement with the addition of asbestos fibers. They may be:
- Flat and wavy;
- Stained and unstained enamel.
Main advantages: high strength, lightness, durability, fire resistance, water resistance, high resistance to the action of alkalis.
Flat asbestos-cement sheets produce a thickness of 4, 5, 8, 10, 12 mm, width 800, 1200, 1500 mm and a length of 1200, 2500, 3200, 3600 mm.
Corrugated asbestos cement sheets usual profile of two types:
- Conventional, size 1200 x 686 mm, thickness 5.5 mm, weight 8,5 kg;
- Reinforced, size 1000 x 1800, 8 mm thick, with a wave height of 50 mm.
They are much stronger than flat expense of the cross-section, which gives them additional rigidity.
In addition to sheet silicate to form a roof include grooved elements to cover the ridge of the roof and ribs, which are produced in one piece.
Also, this type of coverage before the ceramic and cement-sand tiles. Using the technology of production, it is similar to a brick.
There are kinds of tile:
in the form of production:
- Tape tile with a curved edge;
- Tape tile with a double curved edge, which is of two types: "baking" and "beaver tail";
the nature of the connection:
- Simple, which has only one edge clings chute;
- Complex, in which entanglement occurs two or more ribs.
By choosing to cover the roof shingles, you should remember that it is very heavy, so the floors and foundations should be designed to increase the workload. The distance between the construction beams crates should be no more than 70 cm, otherwise the roof could collapse under the weight of tiles and snow.
At the same time, the tile is very easy to use. Damaged tiles can easily be replaced without disrupting other elements of the coating. This is possible because when laying is not in use glue or additional fasteners - tile roof is retained only its weight. This method of connection is strong enough and environmentally clean.
Tiled covering can be laid on the roof with a chute at least 25 °. If the angle is less, on the rafters creates too much stress. In principle, with the right construction tile roof will last more than a century.
Until recently the most common and well-known material for the roof was slate. It is a tile from the fractured layered rocks, similar in shape to a square with sides of 20-40 cm Mostly they are dark gray, as are made of shale. This is a very durable material. The proof is that survived to this day many monuments of the Middle Ages with a roof made of slate. Ironically, now slate hardly use, and its output has severely declined.
Organic materials
Organic roofing materials - it is tar, tarry, polymeric materials, materials made of wood.
As an organic coating is often used armobitep, which is produced on a glass-fiber-based, consisting of glass fiber, glass-fiber and fiberglass. It is produced by bilateral application polimerbitumnogo binder containing asphalt, rubber, industrial oil, and mineral bilateral or unilateral coarse spreading on glass. Also armobitep performs waterproofing properties.
The most low price have traditional bituminous materials. But life is usually less than 5-7 years. Another disadvantage of bituminous materials is that they do not tolerate extremes of temperature, wind, rain and sunlight, have low frost resistance. Under the influence of ultraviolet radiation penetrating sealant loses its plasticity and leaf Unstick from each other.
The materials on asphalt with a layer of foil are considered the highest quality. These include metalloizol and folgoizol. In addition to the roof, they used the device of hydro-and vapor barrier.
Bituminous-fiber sheets and PVC-plates are used too often. This flat products made of synthetic, such as cellulose or polyvinylchloride fibers, impregnated with bitumen. The face of the cover of their protective and decorative colorful layer. Due to this they are similar to asbestos cement sheets, but the weight of the first is much easier and not as fragile as the second. To strengthen their nails with a plastic liner. Some tweaks to allow the simulation of natural tile. To do this, cut the sheet material to a width of 0,5 m and arrange them overlapping with step 35 cm this roof will last about 30 years.
Glass fiber - a type of roofing materials, fabric, impregnated rezinobitumom sprinkled on top with rock dust. It retains its color, which means that coverage does not burn. The stone is very durable, so the blade does not wear and become stronger. Different countries have traditionally used various types of powder, in Russia usually take the granite.
Bitumen-polymer materials for organic bases - a promising area of modern construction.
Steel materials
To cover the use of profiled steel, galvanized and neotsinkovannye sheets, made of iron or steel roofing. They are straight, crimped (corrugated) or stamped with a tiled surface.
Neotsinkovannaya roofing steel, for another roofing iron sheets produced length 710 - 2 000 mm, width 510 - 1000 mm, thickness 0,35 - 0,8 mm.
Galvanized steel roof is covered on both sides with a layer of zinc thickness 0,02 mm, and produced sheets of thickness 0,45 - 1 mm, a width of 710 mm, length 1420 mm, weight of 1 sq. steel roof on average 5.1 kg.
It also may include corrugated aluminum sheet, whose service life is 50 years old, and copper tape, which is used for the manufacture of copper with a purity of 99.9%, this roof is practically eternal.
Today, metal is in great demand. It is a steel plate, simulating the texture of asbestos tiles. Production of this material is held in the following sequence: sheets thickness 0,4 - 0,5 mm covered with a layer of zinc or an alloy tsinkoalyuminievogo, then cold pressing them to give the form of various types of traditional roof tiles. When should treatment of polymers, for example, polyester or plastisol, and the lower surface is covered with protective lacquer. This technology provides protection against corrosion and mechanical and acid influences. This material is durable in operation, high aesthetic qualities.
More affordable are profiled decking and roof panels. This steel sheets, subjected to cold rolling to obtain the desired product form. You can process the lists of protective layers of polymer.
Insulation and ventilation of the roof
Insulation of the roof - insulation materials
The device insulation - an important aspect of the construction. However, special attention should be given a vapor barrier. Especially it is necessary for insulation rays. Since there is a large temperature difference inside and outside the premises, the building may appear damp, condensation and streaks on the ceiling, which accelerates the process of destruction of supporting structures.
Vapor may be provided a gap between the roofing and insulation or a layer of plastic film or foil. Modern insulation is made with such a layer on the inner surface. Most convenient to use mineral wool.
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