Foundation

Foundation - a supporting structure of the house. It is dependent on him strength and durability of homes. Functions of the foundation include the transfer of load from the building ground, as well as resistance to the groundwater and frost.

Type foundation, depth and choice of material for its construction are determined by surveying the characteristics of soil, construction and building material for a future home.

Its depth must be below the freezing ground that the middle band is 80 - 100 cm, but above the groundwater level. Under these conditions, the house will have a strong and solid foundation, otherwise, need to strengthen the ground with steel rods, especially in developing projects with deep garages or other basement.

If the water table is high, it is recommended to use a bank to raise otmostki building. Many believe that the deeper lies the foundation, the stronger and more durable it will be. However, this opinion is erroneous. If you install a wooden house on a strong foundation, then the spring blocks, not conscious of sufficient mass will begin to move, destroying the house.

Should also pay attention to the properties of the grunta.Nesvyazannye soil - sand and sandy loam, an excellent foundation for building. As in nature, they contain various impurities, then the depth of the foundation is determined their composition. In coarse sand mixed with gravel depth of laying the foundation must be at least 50 cm in the small dry and dusty, sandy soils, as well as solid clay - about 70 cm in water saturated sands and plastic clays - 1 pm

As the foundation of internal walls and partitions, their depth of masonry is much less, about 0,5 m.

Addition to the soil structure, important chemical composition of groundwater. Not recommended for construction on the soil in which the flow of water containing sulfates. This compound has a devastating impact on the concrete. These soils can be defined at the beginning of construction on the white plaster on the fly on the surface of concrete, as well as the formation of exfoliation of concrete slabs. In this case, you must apply sulfate Portland. It reliably neutralize the corrosive influence of sulfates, preventing their further effects on other concrete building materials.

Learn about the cost of laying the foundation here.

Types of foundations - strip foundation, precast, pier and pile foundation.

Belt foundation

Belt foundations are used for buildings with a large mass of masonry: brick, stone, concrete, and under the wood, which will be brick veneer.

A foundation around the perimeter of the house, including internal and external walls of the capital. Masonry may be of various shapes: rectangular, trapezoidal, stepped, or with extended bottom part, otherwise known as a pillow. For optimal load compensation from the massive building is the shape of a trapezoid. When used as a material for the foundation of brick or rubble stone angle to the vertical side edge should not exceed 30 °, and concrete - 45 °.
Capping beams are divided into:
• Monolithic,
• Teams.
To build a monolithic strip foundations are commonly used concrete and reinforced concrete. To produce their construction requires formwork - reinforcement design, or the so-called form for concrete, which is installed at the bottom of the pit. It can be mobile, razborono-portable, body-block.
As mothers for their construction used wood or metal. Inside the casing, as a rule, paving the sheets insulation, concrete block, mineral wool, or foam. Concrete pour an even layer, certainly tough. The advantages of monolithic foundations are not only in its strength and durability, but also that it is suitable for construction of houses of any form.

Material for precast strip foundations are concrete or concrete blocks that are placed on a solution and fixed between a thick steel wire. They are built quicker and easier to cast and are not inferior to them in strength, but have a high cost, and can leak at the attachment plates.
Brick foundation - the less durable and more labor intensive than the monolithic. With its solid brick construction using waterproof red brick.
Rubble foundation is considered the most durable, but is too expensive, as rubble stone, used for its construction is difficult to select and adjust the size. But building such a foundation is simply necessary for moist soils, moisture resistance due to quarry stone.
In general, the disadvantages of strip foundations are their massive, big labor, materials and, consequently, means. However, they are widely used due to its simple construction technology.

Precast foundation

Precast foundations are used for construction of small compact units with a basement or ground floor. For their construction, you must first lay the so-called pillow. It consists of concrete blocks in the shape of a trapezoid or a rectangle, which lie on the sand layer thickness of about 15 cm in the block pillow blocks are established, the wall, the whole structure is associated with cement mortar. Outside, the whole foundation will certainly need to cover the waterproofing. Dimensions of blocks are chosen on the basis of the characteristics of the soil and the mass of the building walls.

When construction on weak soils, especially used reinforced belt thickness of 10 - 15 cm or reinforcing seams on 3 - 5 cm block foundation is used on sandy soil, and absolutely its use is contraindicated in clay, loam soils. Otherwise, during the spring flood the ground swells and begins to "move" a house wall, which leads to skewed doors and windows, gapping walls.

For sanitation, water supply, electric power cable in the body of the foundation in advance of the diameter of the bore holes in that set, ceramic, steel, asbestos, plastic or wooden tubes. After the laying of service lines, for a complete sealing, the gap between the walls of the basement and remove the tubes with tarred oakum.

pier foundation

Pier foundation used to build houses with wood, minced shield frame walls, that is light weight walls. Engineering construction is very simple: the drilled hole in the ground, it is installed fittings, and then filled with cement or other material provided. Particularly successful addition of the basement reinforced tape-grillage is almost 2 times more economical.

However, when non-compliance with certain rules set pier foundation, he can not perform its functions. The fundamental is that the well should be drilled to a depth of not less than 2 m, that is deeper than the level of soil freezing. Secondly, on the bottom of a sand cushion is arranged, or set a special stone or concrete slab, in extreme cases - a plate made of wooden boards of a thickness of 10 cm, 20 cm wide and 50 cm long Its functions are to ensure the stability of the foundation and reducing the pressure home ground. Thirdly, the posts are set at all corners of the building, as well as under all intersections of capital and non-capital walls. The intervals between the pillars should be no more than 1,2 - 2,5 m in which to organize a jumper, which serves to tie poles together and the basis for the cap. When the distance between the posts more than that, it is necessary randbalok construction, concrete or metal.

Material for the pillars may be wood, brick, stone, concrete. As for the tree, it is recommended to use pine or oak, whose service is not less than 6 and 13 years respectively. Burned or coated with bitumen poles serve for 1,5 - 2 times longer. Their diameter is about 20 cm Red brick is not suitable for the construction of the foundation, but the ideal brick-ironstone, obtained by calcination of an ordinary brick. The dimensions of pillars using rubble stone - 60h60sm, brick-ironstone - 50x50 cm, concrete or rubble concrete - 40h40sm.

Now widely spread method of combining the columnar and strip foundations, although many experts believe that the foundation must be uniform, since only in this case, one can accurately predict its service life, the response to climatic and other conditions.

Advantages of the columnar foundation are: its efficiency and low complexity. Especially useful application of this foundation in climate zones with deep freezing of the soil. However, serious shortcomings of this kind of foundation are: lack of stability in a horizontally moving soil, difficulty with erection of the cap is unacceptable to the construction slabonesuschih soils, especially when a large mass of the walls.

solid foundation

The construction of a solid foundation arises in the construction of the so-called "floating" ground, as well as on soils with a high groundwater table. For example, on a sandy, deteriorated dumps, swelling soils.

Slab foundation built under the entire area of the building in the form of a monolithic plate, or concrete lattice. Such a foundation would be appropriate for the construction of small compact structures, which do not require a high pedestal, for example, garages, baths, shops. To build more massive buildings have resorted to the use of ribbed slabs or reinforced with cross-belts.

By pluses solid foundation include: its ability to align the vertical and horizontal movement of soil, prevent the entry into the basement of ground water even under high hydrostatic pressure, and ease of construction. Most often this type is used to make the foundation of quality spatial rigidity. But because of the large amount of materials for its erection, it is very expensive for the consumer middle-income countries.